Villa and Zapata/ The Puntitive Expedition Summary

The Puntitive Expedition:

-Zapata was not a politician and he made it known to everyone that he wasn't interested

-From August 1914-August 1915, Mexico City expirienced it's darkest times. First, Obregon had control, then the zapatistas roamed the streets, then the villistas reign of terror

-Zapatistas mindlessly looted the villistas

-Mixed and mostly negative feeling about Villa

-Zapata worked on 2 main principles: 1) Always support village leaders against professionals. 2) The civilians must take precedence over the military

-On October 19th, Woodrow Wilson recognized Carranza's government and embargoed all arms sales to his enemies

-Villa is mad at Wilsons recognition of Carranzas goverment and writes a manifesto condeming it

-Villa had extreme rage at the beginning of 1916. So much so that some thought he was suffering from temporary insanity

-Wilson does not want to be dragged into a full-scale with Mexico

-Villa is beginning to gain support because of his anti-gringo propaganda

-Villa wins a significant victory over Carranza and took 80 prisioners and hundreds of weapons.

-Villa took a bad wound in the right knee during battle and went into hiding in a cave for 7 weeks in order to recuperate

-4 way conflict between Villa, Carranza, Wilson and Pershing

-Puntitive Expedition was one of the United States greatest humiliations during the Mexican Revolution

-February 1917/ German foriegn secretary Arthur Zimmerman sent a telegram in code to his ambassador in Mexico City in order to warn him of the beginnings of unrestricted submarine warfare

-The real beneficiary of the Puntitive Expedition was Villa, in the end

-Villas popularity increases so much that everyone forgets his past failures and mistakes. More popular than ever!

Villa and Zapata/ Civil War Chapter Summaries :)

Civil War Chapter in Villa and Zapata Summary :)

• Carranza believed that he was the only man that could save Mexico
• The general public of Mexico saw more fufillment of their ambitions with Carranza as president
• With both Villa and Zapata away from the capital, Obregon saw his chance to seize power. He remained in power from Jan. until March
• Zapata remaining inactive was a HUGE mistake!
• As long as the person in power in Mexico City did not bother him, Zapatas only intrest was creating a peasant utopia in Morelos
• Because of Villas decision to march north, Mexico was then immediatley plunged into about a year of bloody civil war
• One locality fighting against another locality
• Largely unclear were the aims of both sides. As a result there were alot of people that were in between (fence sitters)
• 3 issues clearly divided Villa and Carranza: The role of the central government, land reforms and their attitudes in regards to the USA
• USA favored Villa
• Carranza builds an alliance with the working-class called the 'Red Brigade'
• Villa is losing the propaganda war too :(
• Villistas opposed workers rights to strike or form trade unions and denied Indians rights to sufferage because they were 'illiterate' (HYPOCRITICAL VILLA!!!)
• Increasingly intellectuals were joing Carranzas cause
• Villa doesn't like the USA anymore because Wilson has let him down "one too many times"
• When Villa entered Guadalajara he was welcomed as a liberator, new recruits added to his cause, and he held a formal military triumph
• Villas strategy weak in two areas (accoring to Obregon): He had spread his troops too thin and they were all fighting simultaneously, and he also relied too much on his cavalry
• Battle of Celaya began at dawn on April 6th (page 298 for more info :)
• Villa loses and blames his loss on the lack of ammunition
• Battle of Trinidad (page 301 for more info :)
• Carranza had WON the Civil War!!!!
• Villa prints WAY too much money and has nothing to back it up with after his loss. As a result, the value of the currency dropped to ZERO
• Urbina is executed!

Summaries and OPVLS for primary source documents :)

Document 3.1:

Quick Summary:

In this source, Georges Clemenceau is articulating the French posistion regarding Germany in his statement that was made at the Paris Peace Conference.

OPVL:

The origin of this source is Georges Clemenceau, the prime minister of France at the time of the Paris Peace Conference. He made up part of the Big Four along with David Llyod George of Britain, Vittorio Orlando of Italy, and Woodrow Wilson of the United States. This source has a distinct purpose of outlining France's strong views towards Germany and what he believes should happen in regards to their future. This source is invaluable in that it provides an insight into the countrys [Frances] view of Germany and how to handle them at this point. Clemenceau also was one portion of the Big Four, which gave him incredible insight and knowledge on the subject. Although this source is extremely credible, it is also severly limited. It only shows one opinion on how to solve the 'German Problem'; it also lacks historical perspective.

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Document 3.2

Quick Summary:

In this source, Hitler is basically stating that the German people should form a front against the injustices of The Treaty of Versailles. He also states that when peace treaties put such harsh restrictions on a country, (such as Germany); they are "striking the first roll of drums for the uprising to come". (McDonough 65).

OPVL

The origin of the source is from Hitler, a German chancellor turned ruthless dictator. He wrote this book Mein Kamph ['My Struggle'] as a way to outline what Germany was to do next in order to advance their society and be progressive. The purpose was to rally the German people against the writers of the Treat of Versaille. He also used this in order to point out every horrible thing that was happening to the German people as a result of the signing of the Treaty. He played on the anxieties of the German people, and gained massive support in this way. This sources value lies in the fact that it came from the head of Germany at this time and outlined what was to happen later. Although this source is very helpful, it is also quite limited. Its limitation is that it only shows the view of Germanys dictator and gives a biased view of the German opinion. It also lacks any historical perspective whatsoever.

Rough Plan of Investigation for IA :)

Note**: This is a ROUGH Plan of Investigation and is totally subject to change!

(Rough) Plan of Investigation:

During the Mexican Revolution, there were two major revolutionary forces being driven by two distinct leaders; Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata. The fact that these two revolutionaries; Villa in the North and Zapata in the South, could not reach an agreement based upon their policies proved to be a fatal misstep. The aim of my Internal Assesment will be to find out which revolutionary came closer to acheiving his overall goals during the course of the Mexican Revolution. I will research and conduct my investigation using a variety of sources, most of which will be books such as, Villa and Zapata by author Frank McLynn. In Section B, I will give descriptions of both Villa and Zapata, briefly state their stances and views, and also goals during the Revolution. I will then analyze my findings in Section D and reach a definitive conclusion as a result of my findings in Section E.

Preliminary IA Question

Preliminary IA Question:

Of Villa and Zapata which was closer to their ultimate goals by the end of the Mexican Revolution?

This question is subject to change, criticism, and reworking into an altogether different question.

It also may be difficult to answer considering one had more specified goals that stayed the same throughout the course of the Mexican Revolution.

Thoughts?

Cool Mexican Revolution Quote!! :)

"I would rather die standing than live on my knees!" ~ Emiliano Zapata

Convergence of the Twain Summary :)

• November 24th, 1914- The mint and all government archives were plundered by Carranza and his men
• The railroad system was left in chaos after Carranza's generals attached the railroad in Vercruz to the train, and in a slow procession the railroad was ripped out
• Provisional President: Eulalio Gutierrez
• Zapata hated the national capital of Mexico City, primarily because of his zapatista ideology because cities represented the power of the state and officials
• Zapata had a dream of a peasant utopia, and believed that all of his political ideas were present in the Plan of Ayala
• By common consent, Zapatismo was more revolutionary
• Villa was more concerned with political and educational, rather than socio-economic
• Serious problem for Zapata was uncontrolled banditry that were placed under the umbrella of 'revution'. These bandits were not necessarily associated with Zapata.
• In 1910, the haciendas were threatened by two groups simaltaneously: Peasants demanding land reforms and northern entrepreneurs that wanted to use newer technologies
• BIG FOUR: Carranza, Obregon, Zapata, and Villa
• Zapata is very traditional
• Zapata movement was a coherent class struggle, whereas Villa had a trans-class movement
• Villa and Zapata differed in their values
• On December 4th, at Xochimilco Villa and Zapata met for the first and only time
• Villa accepted the Plan of Ayala
• Neither Villa or Zapata wanted the presidency for different reasons
• Gutierrez issues a manifesto
• Zapata and Villa can never agree fully. One of the greatest disappointments of the Mexican Revolution
• Carranza and Obregon planned to take out Villa