Deng and Fall of Communism Questions

1. Describe the struggle for power following Mao, the emergence of Deng Xiaoping and the defeat of the Gang of Four

After Diang Xiopang died there was a major power vacuum in China, and nobody knew who would be next in power for there was no clear successor. Two main groups that emerged and struggled for power were: The Maoists, which were the Gang of Four, and Deng (along with other moderates). A few months after Mao died, the Gang of Four was arrested and tried for their various crimes.

2. Describe some of the economic policies and Four Modernizations for China under Deng

The Four Modernizations was a program of rigorous economic reform. This programs was including: agriculture, industry, science and technology.Under Deng and these policies, the economy in China made major gains mainly because of the economy being tied to agriculture. Deng got rid of the previously utilized communes and introduced some level of capitalism into Chinese society. Three themes (Dengs changes): weakening central planning, the introduction of material incentives, and the use of market-related pricing policies.

3. What were the political changes and limits under Deng and how did these culminate in the Tiananmen Square conflict in 1989?

In 1989 thousands of Chinese went into Tiananmen Square in support of democracy and also to mourn the death of a leader very beloved to them. When the demonstrators refused leave, the military took action and used martial law wrongfully against the citizens of China. On June 3rd the army stormed the square while demonstrators were there and again refused to leave. Chaos ensued and the peoples failure to comply with the wishes of the military.

Chapter 4 Gadds Notes/ The Emergence of Autonomy

• Krushchev was accused of many things


• He was then allowed a smooth transistion to retirement


• Downfall of European colonialism


• 1905=Japanese win against Russia


• One of Wilson's 14 points was to undercut the appeal of the Bolsheviks


• Collapse of colonialism coincided with the beginning of the Cold War


• By the end of 1949, the Soviet-American contest for Europe had become a stalemate


• 1954/ Eisenhower's speech (Domino Theory)
• "Non-alignment"- Commit to neither side of the Cold War but to leave open the possibility of commitment/ Smaller superpowers could threaten with other ones
• 1956 Hungarian Crisis
• Tito aligned himself with two other leaders: Jawaharlal Nehru of India and Zhou Enlai of China
• Central Treaty Organization (CENTO)
• Southeast Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO)
• The First Conference of "Non-aligned" nations was held at Bandung in Indonesia, in April 1955; its purpose was to encourage neutrality in the Cold War. Nehru, Tito, and Enlai were there, Nasser was invited too
• Anglo-French-Israeli invasion took place at the end of October 1956
• Eisenhower in January 1957 announced that the U.S. would work with the states of the region to help keep it free of communism
• Landing of Marines in Lebanon in July 1958=FAIL
• Many tools that small powers could use in order to gain autonomy: including non-alignment and collapse
• Kim Il-Sung building a cult of personality around himself, just as Stalin did
• Mao began shelling off-shore islands in Setember 1954
• Chiang got a mutual defense treaty that bound the U.S. to defending Taiwan
• Quemoy and Matsu
• South Viatnamese president was murdered in early November 1963. Kennedy was assassinated three weeks later
• Early attempts to solve Cold War tensions failed because smaller powers actions locked the larger powers into confrontation
• Krushchev issued an ultimatum on Berlin in November 1958
• De Gaulle
• De Gaulle recognized China in 1964
• North Atlantic Treaty of 1949
• Sino-Soviet Treaty of 1950

MORE annotations in book :)

Harry S. Truman (Cold War)

Harry S. Truman during the Cold War:

• Came into the presidency on April 12th, 1945
• Canned MacArthur after he wanted to use atomic bomb technology in an immoral way
• Truman Doctrine (seeked to contain communism from spreading)
• Wanted to have technology/weaponry (ex. the atomic bomb) but not necessarily use it
• He did however decide to use nuclear weapons against Japan in an attempt to end the war
• MUCH MUCH MORE TO HIS PRESIDENCY :)

Afghanistan's Cold War Involvement

Afghanistan during the Cold War:

• Soviets fighting the mujahideen in Afghanistan
• This detracted from being involved at all times during the Cold War
• S.U. was supporting the Marxist government of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, opposing the Islamic Mujahideen Resistance
• Stinger Missles were involved, led to "easier" combat
• During the Cold War, the mujahideen in Afghanistan found support from various places such as: U.S, U.K, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Egypt etc.

Chapter 2 Gaddis/ Deathboats and Lifeboats

• Dec. 2nd, MacArthur ordered the United States Airforce to drop 5 Hiroshima sized atomic bombs
• April 1951- MacArthur and Truman not seeing eye to eye, MacArthur FIRED
• Spring of 1951 transferring of weapons to western Pacific bases
• Idea that weapons could be developed and not used
• Truman left office in Jan. 1953, and Stalin died two months later
• 1957-1961 Khrushchev openly threatened the West with nuclear annihilation
• Stalin's 1948 blockade
• July 4th, 1956, a new American spy plane, the U2 made its first flight over Leningrad and Moscow

More....

Chapter One Gaddis/ The Return of Fear

• April 25th, 1945/ first meeting of the armies that cut the Nazi Army is half
• Tehran in Nov. 1943
• Yalta in Feb. 1945
• Victory would require the victors to not be who they are, or to give up much of what they hoped to attain by fighting in the war
• U.S. and Soviet Union= born out of revolution. Leaders assumed that the tactics used at home would work anywhere. NOT ALWAYS!!
• Also both had entered the war as results of surprise attacks. German invasion of the Soviet Union which began on June 22nd, 1941 and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.
• Roosevelt promised Stalin (at Tehran) that two years after the end of the war, the U.S. troops would return home
• Stalin's post-war goals were security for himself, his regime, his country and his ideology
• Great Depression=very destructive
• Stalin doesnt want to restore balance of power in Europe but to dominate it
• Germanys defeat was the first priority
• United States maintained a large sphere of influence
• U.S. to serve as an example
• American practices were isolationists
• Roosevelt had 4 great wartime priorities: Sustain allies, secure allied cooperation in shaping the post-war settlement, nature of the settlement, the settlement would have to be sellable to the American people
• British priorities (according to Churchill): to survive at all costs
• Spheres of influence
• 1939 Nazi-Soviet Pact: extinguished Polish independence
• Germany would be jointly occupied
• France would have 2/3 of Germany
• United States successfully tested its first atomic bomb in July 1945
• The atomic bomb was creating more Soviet-American distrust
• Manhattan Project
• Potsdam Conference
• Everyone saw the bomb as a means to end the war quickly
• Long Telegram- Feb. 22nd, 1946

Chapter 3 Gaddis/ Command versus Spontaneity

• The Cold War was a attempt to answer allthe worlds problems with eachother



• 1971= The Soviet Union and satillite countries were doing poorly from and economic standpoint



• By 1981 life expectancy in Soviet Union was down



• End of 1991, the Soviet Union (a perfect model of communism) ceased to exist



• 1961 Vienna Summit



• Warning: State who's economic progress depended exploiting some of its citizens at the expense of others will not succeed



• Social welfare state



• Overthrow of Czar Nicholas II in early 1917



• Woodrow Wilson brought U.S. into the war in April 1917. Such a world would not be safe for proletariat revolution



• Wilsons Fourteen Points Speech/ January 1918



• A dictatorship of the proletariat would free the proletariat



• Lenin= successful realist



• End of the 1930's USSR= most powerful proletarian state

• Attack on Pearl Harbor shattered the image that distance ensured safety for the U.S.

• To prevent a third world war (according to Roosevelt admin.) is to prevent capitalism from its own self-destructive tendencies through international order

• 3 new international organizations: International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and the United Nations

• 3 BIG speeches:

- #1: Stalin in Moscow on February 9th, 1946/ Restated Marx's claims

- #2: Churchill in Fulton, Missouri on March 5th, 1946/ Russians didn't want to go to war, among other things

- #3: Truman on March 12th, 1947/ Asked Congress to help aid Greece and Turkey and announced the Truman Doctrine

• 2 ways of life: Democracy vs. authoritarianism

• End of 1930 Stalins agents had arrested or killed 63,000 of his adversaries

• 1932 deported over 1.2 million wealthy peasants to remote areas of the U.S.S.R

• Poland, Czecholovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and East Germany after 1949 would be independent states

• Conflicting objectives at the end of World War II/ punishing the defeated, cooperating with the Soviet Union, reviving democracy and capitalism, and strengthening the United Nations

• Truman Doctrine, and Marshall Plan

• German Communist Walter Ulbrich- says like Stalin that all problems could be solved through HARD WORK

• Mao another post-Stalin communist leader with ideas on how to salvage the ideology

• Stalin useful to Mao in that he showed how to consolidate a communist revolution

• Cult of personality very important part of Mao's regime

• West and East Berlin complications

• Capitalism was largely reformed

Chinese Civil War types of war

Though this was a Limited War for the Nationalists and a Guerilla War for the Communists, combining the two fronts created a Civil War; more specifically the Chinese Civil War.

- Guerilla War: Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat in which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes, raids, etc.) to combat a larger and less mobile formal army
- Limited War: Military conflict that is fought with objectives short of the total occupation or destruction of an enemy. Also utilizing much but not all of an army’s usable resources.

Limited War for the Nationalists under the command of Chiang Kai-Shek/ Jiang Jieshi
Examples:
- Battle of Tiananmen- (August 17th, 1945) Chiang Kai-Shek wanted to simultaneously take out both the problem of the warlords and the Communists. But he realized that he had a limited number of men, materials, and transportation abilities. This did not allow him to deploy his troops with success. This ended up as a victory for the Communists.
- Lanzhou Campaign- (August 9th-August 27th, 1949) Was a series of battles fought between the Nationalist and Communist parties in China. They fought for ultimate control of the largest city in NW China. The nationalists used limited resources against the communists throughout this engagement.

Guerilla War for the Communists under the command of Mao Zedong
Examples:
- Nanchang Uprising- (August 1st, 1927) Communist forces successfully occupied Nanchang and escaped from the siege of Kuomintang forces by August 5, 1927 withdrawing to the Jinggang Mountains of Western Jiangxi, using the land to their advantage in true guerilla fashion. The day of August 1, 1927 was later regarded as the anniversary of the founding of the People's Liberation Army. It is regarded as the first action fought against the Kuomintang. First Communist event of the Chinese Civil War; countering the Anti-communist purges.
- Guangzhou Uprising- (December 11th, 1927) This was a failed communist uprising in the southern Chinese town of Guangzhou. The Communist political leaders ordered communist militia and red guard workers to rise against the Nationalists. The reason for this failed attempt was because of lack of materials on the part of the communists. The communists had many disadvantages that allowed them to easily be taken down.
- Battle of Yiwu- (March 29th- May 7th, 1950) also called the Battle to Defend Yiwu by the Communist Party of China, and resulted in the communist victory. After the local nationalist commanders in Xinjiang defected to the communist side, there were many nationalists loyal to Chiang Kai-shek refused to join the communists, and one detachment of these loyal nationalists decided to take the town of Yiwu to turn it into a nationalist guerrilla base in order to fight on until the eventual return of Chiang.

Decline of Villismo Chapter Summary :)

• In June 1916, Villa reappeared and called for a general rendezvous of all villista bands
• In 1916, Villa enjoys his old popularity with the people of Chihuahua
• Second half of 1916, Villa raided all up and down Chihuahua
• September 15th, 1916/ Villa conducted a major raid on Chihuahua City, aiming to free political prisioners being held in the jail there
• Villa issued a manifesto stating that in the future Americans would not be allowed to own property or pursue any type of economic life in Mexico
• In Villa's raids of the larger Mexican towns he targeted the property of Americans residing in those towns
• On November 23, 1916 Villa made his second attack on Chihuahua City. This time the attack was not just a raid but an attempt to take the entire city (also to destroy Carranza's credibility)
• Villa has lots of supplies
• Villista propaganda was no longer working
• Villa issues manifesto #2 stating that he was fighting for Chihuahua's autonomy against Carranza's despotism
• The Villista Army of 1919 was entirely made up of volunteers. Villa has stopped pressing men to join.
• Villa opted for an attack on Ciudad Juarez
• Americans HATED Villa
• In June 1919, Carranza announces his candidacy for the presidency
• Obregon issued the Plan of Agua Prieta which laid out his dreams for a new and brighter future for Mexico
• Carranza is killed
• Zapata and Carranza = struck down by assassains, and Villa and Obregon = survival :)

Twilight of Zapatismo Chapter Summary :)

• Pablo Gonzalez was the latest and most terrible of washes through Morelos
• His first goal was to destroy all traces of the Convention and to destroy Palafox's agrarian reform
• Zapatas new policy was to strategically attack places such as railways in order to get U.S. attention
• Stalemate and Zapata can again focus on agrarian reform
• 1916-1919 Mexico was a "hungry land"
• Zapata despises cities and Carranza despises the south of Mexico
• August 1915/ Carranza passed a new law, making it illegal for foreign companies to defend their interests by diplomatic means
• National Agrarian Council (started by Carranza) took a year to create and proceeded VERY slowly. Started on March 8th, 1916
• Carranza's main problems were military, both internal and external
• Diaz made his manifesto called the Plan of Tierra Colorada (Feb. 1, 1916) *page 348
• Zapata like education too
• Winter of 1918 the Spanish flu kills 40 million people worldwide
• Zapata is assassinated by Gonzalez and others. They tricked him into it, (dinner invitation)
• Zapata became a MAJOR marytr

Practice Paper 1 :)

Practice Paper One : The Treaty of Locarno

1)

a) The significance of the Locarno Conference as stated in Source E was that the states bordering on the Rhineland gave up their use of force, and with Britain and Italy successfully secured the promise and execution of demilitarization of the Rhineland, and its Western "frontiers".

b) The message that is being conveyed in Source D is that France wanted to strengthen the League of Nations by a mandate that all members must go immediately to the aid of any other member that is attacked. In the cartoon the French character, Aristide Briand, is shown wearing a boxing glove. This might mean that he wants to hurt and weaken another country, and he knows his country will be secure because of the League of Nations. All of his allies will be forced to come to his aid should the need arise.

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2) Source B is very optimistic in regards to the Locarno Agreement. It states that Locarno, with reinforcements from Geneva gives good means for believing that we are not far from agreements between governments that will get rid of war. This source suspects the end of the war being started and directly caused by the Locarno Treaty.This is a much contrasting view to that of Source C.

Source C, unlike Source B, is very pessimistic and negative in regards to the Locarno Treaty. Source C states that Locarno represents a defeat for those French who believed that the hope for an alliance with Great Britian was still possible. It also says that the treaty was "likely to be impractical in its application".

So both Source B and C although they are similar in that they are discussing the Treaty of Locarno, but are also vastly different. Source B provides a glimpse into optimistic outlook on how the treaty could change the world in a positive manner whereas, Source C provides a negative outlook on how the treaty will be impractical in it's application.

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3) Source A

This source is taken from a speech given by Gustav Stresemann after the signing of the Locarno Treaty on the 16th of October, 1925. It's purpose is to explain to the general public their reasoning for signing the Locarno Treaty. In this citation, they state that Locarno is "not the end but the beginning of a confident cooperation among nations." The source is valuable in that it gives the people hope that the treaty will work and do them justice, considering that at the time that this speech was given the treaty had just been signed. It is limited in that it was signed after the treaty was signed and lacks part of the decision making process. It only states it's aspirations for future application of the Treaty and not how they came to these conclusions.

3) Source C

This source comes from the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office Website, more specifically on the "History of the FCO" page. Its purpose is to outline all of the flaws that the Treaty of Locarno presents. It states that the treaty "is both ambiguous in its wording and likely to be incapable in its application." The value of the source lies in the fact that it gives the British perspective and reaction to the Treaty of Locarno. They believe that it won't succeed, and this document lends insight into the British mindset on the subject. This source is limited in that it gives only the opinion of the the government, and not of the British people. The general public could think that the treaty will be a success, though the government just said what they felt.

4)

Source A states that the Treaty of Locarno was important because it was to result in the "beginning of a peaceful cooperation among the nations." Source B says that the importance of the treaty is that it gives reason to believe that the governments are not far from agreements in order to completely get rid of war. Source C does not agree that the Treaty of Locarno was important, it said that the treaty was "likely to be impractical in its application." Source D shows that the treaty is important because it supports all members and keeps them safe. Source E says that the importance of the Treaty of Locarno is that there was guaranteed demilitarization of the Rhineland.

Long and short term causes of World War II

Long Term:

Economic Turmoil 

Political instability

Militarization

Short Term:

Treaty of Versailles

Invasion of Poland by Germany

Mobilization

Document Analysis Questions (Page 89)

Document 4.2:

This document originates from 'The Quarantine Speech' made by Franklin D. Roosevelt made in 1937

*Question: - Identify the main features of Roosevelt's view in 4.2

-There can be no peace or stability within nations except under laws to which all abide

-We will pursue a policy of peace in order to avoid war

-We cannot insure that we stay without the effects of war, and the dangers of involvement

-Americans hate war, and love peace. Therefore we actively pursue peace

Document 4.6:

This document is an excerpt from Hitlers speech that was made to his generals in August 1939. This was prior to Germanys occupation of Poland

*Question: -What impressions of Hitlers aims in the Second World War can be gained from Document 4.6

From this source the impression was one of arrogance from Hitler. He is talking about the state the world and explaining events that have yet to happen. He then goes on to emphasize these events with a very positive spin towards German involvement. Hitler seems very sure that events will lead to a German victory. Another impression that I got from the source was the lack of mercy given by Hitler. He talks about striking "more quickly and brutally than the others." He also explains that from the envasion of Poland on, will begin the dawn of German rule on the world. My two overall impressions after reading this source were Hitlers sure attitude about the events of war turning out well for Germany, and his lack of mercy regarding all who oppose him.

Villa and Zapata/ The Puntitive Expedition Summary

The Puntitive Expedition:

-Zapata was not a politician and he made it known to everyone that he wasn't interested

-From August 1914-August 1915, Mexico City expirienced it's darkest times. First, Obregon had control, then the zapatistas roamed the streets, then the villistas reign of terror

-Zapatistas mindlessly looted the villistas

-Mixed and mostly negative feeling about Villa

-Zapata worked on 2 main principles: 1) Always support village leaders against professionals. 2) The civilians must take precedence over the military

-On October 19th, Woodrow Wilson recognized Carranza's government and embargoed all arms sales to his enemies

-Villa is mad at Wilsons recognition of Carranzas goverment and writes a manifesto condeming it

-Villa had extreme rage at the beginning of 1916. So much so that some thought he was suffering from temporary insanity

-Wilson does not want to be dragged into a full-scale with Mexico

-Villa is beginning to gain support because of his anti-gringo propaganda

-Villa wins a significant victory over Carranza and took 80 prisioners and hundreds of weapons.

-Villa took a bad wound in the right knee during battle and went into hiding in a cave for 7 weeks in order to recuperate

-4 way conflict between Villa, Carranza, Wilson and Pershing

-Puntitive Expedition was one of the United States greatest humiliations during the Mexican Revolution

-February 1917/ German foriegn secretary Arthur Zimmerman sent a telegram in code to his ambassador in Mexico City in order to warn him of the beginnings of unrestricted submarine warfare

-The real beneficiary of the Puntitive Expedition was Villa, in the end

-Villas popularity increases so much that everyone forgets his past failures and mistakes. More popular than ever!

Villa and Zapata/ Civil War Chapter Summaries :)

Civil War Chapter in Villa and Zapata Summary :)

• Carranza believed that he was the only man that could save Mexico
• The general public of Mexico saw more fufillment of their ambitions with Carranza as president
• With both Villa and Zapata away from the capital, Obregon saw his chance to seize power. He remained in power from Jan. until March
• Zapata remaining inactive was a HUGE mistake!
• As long as the person in power in Mexico City did not bother him, Zapatas only intrest was creating a peasant utopia in Morelos
• Because of Villas decision to march north, Mexico was then immediatley plunged into about a year of bloody civil war
• One locality fighting against another locality
• Largely unclear were the aims of both sides. As a result there were alot of people that were in between (fence sitters)
• 3 issues clearly divided Villa and Carranza: The role of the central government, land reforms and their attitudes in regards to the USA
• USA favored Villa
• Carranza builds an alliance with the working-class called the 'Red Brigade'
• Villa is losing the propaganda war too :(
• Villistas opposed workers rights to strike or form trade unions and denied Indians rights to sufferage because they were 'illiterate' (HYPOCRITICAL VILLA!!!)
• Increasingly intellectuals were joing Carranzas cause
• Villa doesn't like the USA anymore because Wilson has let him down "one too many times"
• When Villa entered Guadalajara he was welcomed as a liberator, new recruits added to his cause, and he held a formal military triumph
• Villas strategy weak in two areas (accoring to Obregon): He had spread his troops too thin and they were all fighting simultaneously, and he also relied too much on his cavalry
• Battle of Celaya began at dawn on April 6th (page 298 for more info :)
• Villa loses and blames his loss on the lack of ammunition
• Battle of Trinidad (page 301 for more info :)
• Carranza had WON the Civil War!!!!
• Villa prints WAY too much money and has nothing to back it up with after his loss. As a result, the value of the currency dropped to ZERO
• Urbina is executed!

Summaries and OPVLS for primary source documents :)

Document 3.1:

Quick Summary:

In this source, Georges Clemenceau is articulating the French posistion regarding Germany in his statement that was made at the Paris Peace Conference.

OPVL:

The origin of this source is Georges Clemenceau, the prime minister of France at the time of the Paris Peace Conference. He made up part of the Big Four along with David Llyod George of Britain, Vittorio Orlando of Italy, and Woodrow Wilson of the United States. This source has a distinct purpose of outlining France's strong views towards Germany and what he believes should happen in regards to their future. This source is invaluable in that it provides an insight into the countrys [Frances] view of Germany and how to handle them at this point. Clemenceau also was one portion of the Big Four, which gave him incredible insight and knowledge on the subject. Although this source is extremely credible, it is also severly limited. It only shows one opinion on how to solve the 'German Problem'; it also lacks historical perspective.

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Document 3.2

Quick Summary:

In this source, Hitler is basically stating that the German people should form a front against the injustices of The Treaty of Versailles. He also states that when peace treaties put such harsh restrictions on a country, (such as Germany); they are "striking the first roll of drums for the uprising to come". (McDonough 65).

OPVL

The origin of the source is from Hitler, a German chancellor turned ruthless dictator. He wrote this book Mein Kamph ['My Struggle'] as a way to outline what Germany was to do next in order to advance their society and be progressive. The purpose was to rally the German people against the writers of the Treat of Versaille. He also used this in order to point out every horrible thing that was happening to the German people as a result of the signing of the Treaty. He played on the anxieties of the German people, and gained massive support in this way. This sources value lies in the fact that it came from the head of Germany at this time and outlined what was to happen later. Although this source is very helpful, it is also quite limited. Its limitation is that it only shows the view of Germanys dictator and gives a biased view of the German opinion. It also lacks any historical perspective whatsoever.

Rough Plan of Investigation for IA :)

Note**: This is a ROUGH Plan of Investigation and is totally subject to change!

(Rough) Plan of Investigation:

During the Mexican Revolution, there were two major revolutionary forces being driven by two distinct leaders; Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata. The fact that these two revolutionaries; Villa in the North and Zapata in the South, could not reach an agreement based upon their policies proved to be a fatal misstep. The aim of my Internal Assesment will be to find out which revolutionary came closer to acheiving his overall goals during the course of the Mexican Revolution. I will research and conduct my investigation using a variety of sources, most of which will be books such as, Villa and Zapata by author Frank McLynn. In Section B, I will give descriptions of both Villa and Zapata, briefly state their stances and views, and also goals during the Revolution. I will then analyze my findings in Section D and reach a definitive conclusion as a result of my findings in Section E.

Preliminary IA Question

Preliminary IA Question:

Of Villa and Zapata which was closer to their ultimate goals by the end of the Mexican Revolution?

This question is subject to change, criticism, and reworking into an altogether different question.

It also may be difficult to answer considering one had more specified goals that stayed the same throughout the course of the Mexican Revolution.

Thoughts?

Cool Mexican Revolution Quote!! :)

"I would rather die standing than live on my knees!" ~ Emiliano Zapata

Convergence of the Twain Summary :)

• November 24th, 1914- The mint and all government archives were plundered by Carranza and his men
• The railroad system was left in chaos after Carranza's generals attached the railroad in Vercruz to the train, and in a slow procession the railroad was ripped out
• Provisional President: Eulalio Gutierrez
• Zapata hated the national capital of Mexico City, primarily because of his zapatista ideology because cities represented the power of the state and officials
• Zapata had a dream of a peasant utopia, and believed that all of his political ideas were present in the Plan of Ayala
• By common consent, Zapatismo was more revolutionary
• Villa was more concerned with political and educational, rather than socio-economic
• Serious problem for Zapata was uncontrolled banditry that were placed under the umbrella of 'revution'. These bandits were not necessarily associated with Zapata.
• In 1910, the haciendas were threatened by two groups simaltaneously: Peasants demanding land reforms and northern entrepreneurs that wanted to use newer technologies
• BIG FOUR: Carranza, Obregon, Zapata, and Villa
• Zapata is very traditional
• Zapata movement was a coherent class struggle, whereas Villa had a trans-class movement
• Villa and Zapata differed in their values
• On December 4th, at Xochimilco Villa and Zapata met for the first and only time
• Villa accepted the Plan of Ayala
• Neither Villa or Zapata wanted the presidency for different reasons
• Gutierrez issues a manifesto
• Zapata and Villa can never agree fully. One of the greatest disappointments of the Mexican Revolution
• Carranza and Obregon planned to take out Villa