Decline of Villismo Chapter Summary :)

• In June 1916, Villa reappeared and called for a general rendezvous of all villista bands
• In 1916, Villa enjoys his old popularity with the people of Chihuahua
• Second half of 1916, Villa raided all up and down Chihuahua
• September 15th, 1916/ Villa conducted a major raid on Chihuahua City, aiming to free political prisioners being held in the jail there
• Villa issued a manifesto stating that in the future Americans would not be allowed to own property or pursue any type of economic life in Mexico
• In Villa's raids of the larger Mexican towns he targeted the property of Americans residing in those towns
• On November 23, 1916 Villa made his second attack on Chihuahua City. This time the attack was not just a raid but an attempt to take the entire city (also to destroy Carranza's credibility)
• Villa has lots of supplies
• Villista propaganda was no longer working
• Villa issues manifesto #2 stating that he was fighting for Chihuahua's autonomy against Carranza's despotism
• The Villista Army of 1919 was entirely made up of volunteers. Villa has stopped pressing men to join.
• Villa opted for an attack on Ciudad Juarez
• Americans HATED Villa
• In June 1919, Carranza announces his candidacy for the presidency
• Obregon issued the Plan of Agua Prieta which laid out his dreams for a new and brighter future for Mexico
• Carranza is killed
• Zapata and Carranza = struck down by assassains, and Villa and Obregon = survival :)

Twilight of Zapatismo Chapter Summary :)

• Pablo Gonzalez was the latest and most terrible of washes through Morelos
• His first goal was to destroy all traces of the Convention and to destroy Palafox's agrarian reform
• Zapatas new policy was to strategically attack places such as railways in order to get U.S. attention
• Stalemate and Zapata can again focus on agrarian reform
• 1916-1919 Mexico was a "hungry land"
• Zapata despises cities and Carranza despises the south of Mexico
• August 1915/ Carranza passed a new law, making it illegal for foreign companies to defend their interests by diplomatic means
• National Agrarian Council (started by Carranza) took a year to create and proceeded VERY slowly. Started on March 8th, 1916
• Carranza's main problems were military, both internal and external
• Diaz made his manifesto called the Plan of Tierra Colorada (Feb. 1, 1916) *page 348
• Zapata like education too
• Winter of 1918 the Spanish flu kills 40 million people worldwide
• Zapata is assassinated by Gonzalez and others. They tricked him into it, (dinner invitation)
• Zapata became a MAJOR marytr

Practice Paper 1 :)

Practice Paper One : The Treaty of Locarno

1)

a) The significance of the Locarno Conference as stated in Source E was that the states bordering on the Rhineland gave up their use of force, and with Britain and Italy successfully secured the promise and execution of demilitarization of the Rhineland, and its Western "frontiers".

b) The message that is being conveyed in Source D is that France wanted to strengthen the League of Nations by a mandate that all members must go immediately to the aid of any other member that is attacked. In the cartoon the French character, Aristide Briand, is shown wearing a boxing glove. This might mean that he wants to hurt and weaken another country, and he knows his country will be secure because of the League of Nations. All of his allies will be forced to come to his aid should the need arise.

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2) Source B is very optimistic in regards to the Locarno Agreement. It states that Locarno, with reinforcements from Geneva gives good means for believing that we are not far from agreements between governments that will get rid of war. This source suspects the end of the war being started and directly caused by the Locarno Treaty.This is a much contrasting view to that of Source C.

Source C, unlike Source B, is very pessimistic and negative in regards to the Locarno Treaty. Source C states that Locarno represents a defeat for those French who believed that the hope for an alliance with Great Britian was still possible. It also says that the treaty was "likely to be impractical in its application".

So both Source B and C although they are similar in that they are discussing the Treaty of Locarno, but are also vastly different. Source B provides a glimpse into optimistic outlook on how the treaty could change the world in a positive manner whereas, Source C provides a negative outlook on how the treaty will be impractical in it's application.

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3) Source A

This source is taken from a speech given by Gustav Stresemann after the signing of the Locarno Treaty on the 16th of October, 1925. It's purpose is to explain to the general public their reasoning for signing the Locarno Treaty. In this citation, they state that Locarno is "not the end but the beginning of a confident cooperation among nations." The source is valuable in that it gives the people hope that the treaty will work and do them justice, considering that at the time that this speech was given the treaty had just been signed. It is limited in that it was signed after the treaty was signed and lacks part of the decision making process. It only states it's aspirations for future application of the Treaty and not how they came to these conclusions.

3) Source C

This source comes from the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office Website, more specifically on the "History of the FCO" page. Its purpose is to outline all of the flaws that the Treaty of Locarno presents. It states that the treaty "is both ambiguous in its wording and likely to be incapable in its application." The value of the source lies in the fact that it gives the British perspective and reaction to the Treaty of Locarno. They believe that it won't succeed, and this document lends insight into the British mindset on the subject. This source is limited in that it gives only the opinion of the the government, and not of the British people. The general public could think that the treaty will be a success, though the government just said what they felt.

4)

Source A states that the Treaty of Locarno was important because it was to result in the "beginning of a peaceful cooperation among the nations." Source B says that the importance of the treaty is that it gives reason to believe that the governments are not far from agreements in order to completely get rid of war. Source C does not agree that the Treaty of Locarno was important, it said that the treaty was "likely to be impractical in its application." Source D shows that the treaty is important because it supports all members and keeps them safe. Source E says that the importance of the Treaty of Locarno is that there was guaranteed demilitarization of the Rhineland.

Long and short term causes of World War II

Long Term:

Economic Turmoil 

Political instability

Militarization

Short Term:

Treaty of Versailles

Invasion of Poland by Germany

Mobilization

Document Analysis Questions (Page 89)

Document 4.2:

This document originates from 'The Quarantine Speech' made by Franklin D. Roosevelt made in 1937

*Question: - Identify the main features of Roosevelt's view in 4.2

-There can be no peace or stability within nations except under laws to which all abide

-We will pursue a policy of peace in order to avoid war

-We cannot insure that we stay without the effects of war, and the dangers of involvement

-Americans hate war, and love peace. Therefore we actively pursue peace

Document 4.6:

This document is an excerpt from Hitlers speech that was made to his generals in August 1939. This was prior to Germanys occupation of Poland

*Question: -What impressions of Hitlers aims in the Second World War can be gained from Document 4.6

From this source the impression was one of arrogance from Hitler. He is talking about the state the world and explaining events that have yet to happen. He then goes on to emphasize these events with a very positive spin towards German involvement. Hitler seems very sure that events will lead to a German victory. Another impression that I got from the source was the lack of mercy given by Hitler. He talks about striking "more quickly and brutally than the others." He also explains that from the envasion of Poland on, will begin the dawn of German rule on the world. My two overall impressions after reading this source were Hitlers sure attitude about the events of war turning out well for Germany, and his lack of mercy regarding all who oppose him.

Villa and Zapata/ The Puntitive Expedition Summary

The Puntitive Expedition:

-Zapata was not a politician and he made it known to everyone that he wasn't interested

-From August 1914-August 1915, Mexico City expirienced it's darkest times. First, Obregon had control, then the zapatistas roamed the streets, then the villistas reign of terror

-Zapatistas mindlessly looted the villistas

-Mixed and mostly negative feeling about Villa

-Zapata worked on 2 main principles: 1) Always support village leaders against professionals. 2) The civilians must take precedence over the military

-On October 19th, Woodrow Wilson recognized Carranza's government and embargoed all arms sales to his enemies

-Villa is mad at Wilsons recognition of Carranzas goverment and writes a manifesto condeming it

-Villa had extreme rage at the beginning of 1916. So much so that some thought he was suffering from temporary insanity

-Wilson does not want to be dragged into a full-scale with Mexico

-Villa is beginning to gain support because of his anti-gringo propaganda

-Villa wins a significant victory over Carranza and took 80 prisioners and hundreds of weapons.

-Villa took a bad wound in the right knee during battle and went into hiding in a cave for 7 weeks in order to recuperate

-4 way conflict between Villa, Carranza, Wilson and Pershing

-Puntitive Expedition was one of the United States greatest humiliations during the Mexican Revolution

-February 1917/ German foriegn secretary Arthur Zimmerman sent a telegram in code to his ambassador in Mexico City in order to warn him of the beginnings of unrestricted submarine warfare

-The real beneficiary of the Puntitive Expedition was Villa, in the end

-Villas popularity increases so much that everyone forgets his past failures and mistakes. More popular than ever!

Villa and Zapata/ Civil War Chapter Summaries :)

Civil War Chapter in Villa and Zapata Summary :)

• Carranza believed that he was the only man that could save Mexico
• The general public of Mexico saw more fufillment of their ambitions with Carranza as president
• With both Villa and Zapata away from the capital, Obregon saw his chance to seize power. He remained in power from Jan. until March
• Zapata remaining inactive was a HUGE mistake!
• As long as the person in power in Mexico City did not bother him, Zapatas only intrest was creating a peasant utopia in Morelos
• Because of Villas decision to march north, Mexico was then immediatley plunged into about a year of bloody civil war
• One locality fighting against another locality
• Largely unclear were the aims of both sides. As a result there were alot of people that were in between (fence sitters)
• 3 issues clearly divided Villa and Carranza: The role of the central government, land reforms and their attitudes in regards to the USA
• USA favored Villa
• Carranza builds an alliance with the working-class called the 'Red Brigade'
• Villa is losing the propaganda war too :(
• Villistas opposed workers rights to strike or form trade unions and denied Indians rights to sufferage because they were 'illiterate' (HYPOCRITICAL VILLA!!!)
• Increasingly intellectuals were joing Carranzas cause
• Villa doesn't like the USA anymore because Wilson has let him down "one too many times"
• When Villa entered Guadalajara he was welcomed as a liberator, new recruits added to his cause, and he held a formal military triumph
• Villas strategy weak in two areas (accoring to Obregon): He had spread his troops too thin and they were all fighting simultaneously, and he also relied too much on his cavalry
• Battle of Celaya began at dawn on April 6th (page 298 for more info :)
• Villa loses and blames his loss on the lack of ammunition
• Battle of Trinidad (page 301 for more info :)
• Carranza had WON the Civil War!!!!
• Villa prints WAY too much money and has nothing to back it up with after his loss. As a result, the value of the currency dropped to ZERO
• Urbina is executed!