Chapter 3 Gaddis/ Command versus Spontaneity

• The Cold War was a attempt to answer allthe worlds problems with eachother



• 1971= The Soviet Union and satillite countries were doing poorly from and economic standpoint



• By 1981 life expectancy in Soviet Union was down



• End of 1991, the Soviet Union (a perfect model of communism) ceased to exist



• 1961 Vienna Summit



• Warning: State who's economic progress depended exploiting some of its citizens at the expense of others will not succeed



• Social welfare state



• Overthrow of Czar Nicholas II in early 1917



• Woodrow Wilson brought U.S. into the war in April 1917. Such a world would not be safe for proletariat revolution



• Wilsons Fourteen Points Speech/ January 1918



• A dictatorship of the proletariat would free the proletariat



• Lenin= successful realist



• End of the 1930's USSR= most powerful proletarian state

• Attack on Pearl Harbor shattered the image that distance ensured safety for the U.S.

• To prevent a third world war (according to Roosevelt admin.) is to prevent capitalism from its own self-destructive tendencies through international order

• 3 new international organizations: International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and the United Nations

• 3 BIG speeches:

- #1: Stalin in Moscow on February 9th, 1946/ Restated Marx's claims

- #2: Churchill in Fulton, Missouri on March 5th, 1946/ Russians didn't want to go to war, among other things

- #3: Truman on March 12th, 1947/ Asked Congress to help aid Greece and Turkey and announced the Truman Doctrine

• 2 ways of life: Democracy vs. authoritarianism

• End of 1930 Stalins agents had arrested or killed 63,000 of his adversaries

• 1932 deported over 1.2 million wealthy peasants to remote areas of the U.S.S.R

• Poland, Czecholovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and East Germany after 1949 would be independent states

• Conflicting objectives at the end of World War II/ punishing the defeated, cooperating with the Soviet Union, reviving democracy and capitalism, and strengthening the United Nations

• Truman Doctrine, and Marshall Plan

• German Communist Walter Ulbrich- says like Stalin that all problems could be solved through HARD WORK

• Mao another post-Stalin communist leader with ideas on how to salvage the ideology

• Stalin useful to Mao in that he showed how to consolidate a communist revolution

• Cult of personality very important part of Mao's regime

• West and East Berlin complications

• Capitalism was largely reformed

Chinese Civil War types of war

Though this was a Limited War for the Nationalists and a Guerilla War for the Communists, combining the two fronts created a Civil War; more specifically the Chinese Civil War.

- Guerilla War: Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat in which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes, raids, etc.) to combat a larger and less mobile formal army
- Limited War: Military conflict that is fought with objectives short of the total occupation or destruction of an enemy. Also utilizing much but not all of an army’s usable resources.

Limited War for the Nationalists under the command of Chiang Kai-Shek/ Jiang Jieshi
Examples:
- Battle of Tiananmen- (August 17th, 1945) Chiang Kai-Shek wanted to simultaneously take out both the problem of the warlords and the Communists. But he realized that he had a limited number of men, materials, and transportation abilities. This did not allow him to deploy his troops with success. This ended up as a victory for the Communists.
- Lanzhou Campaign- (August 9th-August 27th, 1949) Was a series of battles fought between the Nationalist and Communist parties in China. They fought for ultimate control of the largest city in NW China. The nationalists used limited resources against the communists throughout this engagement.

Guerilla War for the Communists under the command of Mao Zedong
Examples:
- Nanchang Uprising- (August 1st, 1927) Communist forces successfully occupied Nanchang and escaped from the siege of Kuomintang forces by August 5, 1927 withdrawing to the Jinggang Mountains of Western Jiangxi, using the land to their advantage in true guerilla fashion. The day of August 1, 1927 was later regarded as the anniversary of the founding of the People's Liberation Army. It is regarded as the first action fought against the Kuomintang. First Communist event of the Chinese Civil War; countering the Anti-communist purges.
- Guangzhou Uprising- (December 11th, 1927) This was a failed communist uprising in the southern Chinese town of Guangzhou. The Communist political leaders ordered communist militia and red guard workers to rise against the Nationalists. The reason for this failed attempt was because of lack of materials on the part of the communists. The communists had many disadvantages that allowed them to easily be taken down.
- Battle of Yiwu- (March 29th- May 7th, 1950) also called the Battle to Defend Yiwu by the Communist Party of China, and resulted in the communist victory. After the local nationalist commanders in Xinjiang defected to the communist side, there were many nationalists loyal to Chiang Kai-shek refused to join the communists, and one detachment of these loyal nationalists decided to take the town of Yiwu to turn it into a nationalist guerrilla base in order to fight on until the eventual return of Chiang.

Decline of Villismo Chapter Summary :)

• In June 1916, Villa reappeared and called for a general rendezvous of all villista bands
• In 1916, Villa enjoys his old popularity with the people of Chihuahua
• Second half of 1916, Villa raided all up and down Chihuahua
• September 15th, 1916/ Villa conducted a major raid on Chihuahua City, aiming to free political prisioners being held in the jail there
• Villa issued a manifesto stating that in the future Americans would not be allowed to own property or pursue any type of economic life in Mexico
• In Villa's raids of the larger Mexican towns he targeted the property of Americans residing in those towns
• On November 23, 1916 Villa made his second attack on Chihuahua City. This time the attack was not just a raid but an attempt to take the entire city (also to destroy Carranza's credibility)
• Villa has lots of supplies
• Villista propaganda was no longer working
• Villa issues manifesto #2 stating that he was fighting for Chihuahua's autonomy against Carranza's despotism
• The Villista Army of 1919 was entirely made up of volunteers. Villa has stopped pressing men to join.
• Villa opted for an attack on Ciudad Juarez
• Americans HATED Villa
• In June 1919, Carranza announces his candidacy for the presidency
• Obregon issued the Plan of Agua Prieta which laid out his dreams for a new and brighter future for Mexico
• Carranza is killed
• Zapata and Carranza = struck down by assassains, and Villa and Obregon = survival :)

Twilight of Zapatismo Chapter Summary :)

• Pablo Gonzalez was the latest and most terrible of washes through Morelos
• His first goal was to destroy all traces of the Convention and to destroy Palafox's agrarian reform
• Zapatas new policy was to strategically attack places such as railways in order to get U.S. attention
• Stalemate and Zapata can again focus on agrarian reform
• 1916-1919 Mexico was a "hungry land"
• Zapata despises cities and Carranza despises the south of Mexico
• August 1915/ Carranza passed a new law, making it illegal for foreign companies to defend their interests by diplomatic means
• National Agrarian Council (started by Carranza) took a year to create and proceeded VERY slowly. Started on March 8th, 1916
• Carranza's main problems were military, both internal and external
• Diaz made his manifesto called the Plan of Tierra Colorada (Feb. 1, 1916) *page 348
• Zapata like education too
• Winter of 1918 the Spanish flu kills 40 million people worldwide
• Zapata is assassinated by Gonzalez and others. They tricked him into it, (dinner invitation)
• Zapata became a MAJOR marytr

Practice Paper 1 :)

Practice Paper One : The Treaty of Locarno

1)

a) The significance of the Locarno Conference as stated in Source E was that the states bordering on the Rhineland gave up their use of force, and with Britain and Italy successfully secured the promise and execution of demilitarization of the Rhineland, and its Western "frontiers".

b) The message that is being conveyed in Source D is that France wanted to strengthen the League of Nations by a mandate that all members must go immediately to the aid of any other member that is attacked. In the cartoon the French character, Aristide Briand, is shown wearing a boxing glove. This might mean that he wants to hurt and weaken another country, and he knows his country will be secure because of the League of Nations. All of his allies will be forced to come to his aid should the need arise.

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2) Source B is very optimistic in regards to the Locarno Agreement. It states that Locarno, with reinforcements from Geneva gives good means for believing that we are not far from agreements between governments that will get rid of war. This source suspects the end of the war being started and directly caused by the Locarno Treaty.This is a much contrasting view to that of Source C.

Source C, unlike Source B, is very pessimistic and negative in regards to the Locarno Treaty. Source C states that Locarno represents a defeat for those French who believed that the hope for an alliance with Great Britian was still possible. It also says that the treaty was "likely to be impractical in its application".

So both Source B and C although they are similar in that they are discussing the Treaty of Locarno, but are also vastly different. Source B provides a glimpse into optimistic outlook on how the treaty could change the world in a positive manner whereas, Source C provides a negative outlook on how the treaty will be impractical in it's application.

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3) Source A

This source is taken from a speech given by Gustav Stresemann after the signing of the Locarno Treaty on the 16th of October, 1925. It's purpose is to explain to the general public their reasoning for signing the Locarno Treaty. In this citation, they state that Locarno is "not the end but the beginning of a confident cooperation among nations." The source is valuable in that it gives the people hope that the treaty will work and do them justice, considering that at the time that this speech was given the treaty had just been signed. It is limited in that it was signed after the treaty was signed and lacks part of the decision making process. It only states it's aspirations for future application of the Treaty and not how they came to these conclusions.

3) Source C

This source comes from the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office Website, more specifically on the "History of the FCO" page. Its purpose is to outline all of the flaws that the Treaty of Locarno presents. It states that the treaty "is both ambiguous in its wording and likely to be incapable in its application." The value of the source lies in the fact that it gives the British perspective and reaction to the Treaty of Locarno. They believe that it won't succeed, and this document lends insight into the British mindset on the subject. This source is limited in that it gives only the opinion of the the government, and not of the British people. The general public could think that the treaty will be a success, though the government just said what they felt.

4)

Source A states that the Treaty of Locarno was important because it was to result in the "beginning of a peaceful cooperation among the nations." Source B says that the importance of the treaty is that it gives reason to believe that the governments are not far from agreements in order to completely get rid of war. Source C does not agree that the Treaty of Locarno was important, it said that the treaty was "likely to be impractical in its application." Source D shows that the treaty is important because it supports all members and keeps them safe. Source E says that the importance of the Treaty of Locarno is that there was guaranteed demilitarization of the Rhineland.

Long and short term causes of World War II

Long Term:

Economic Turmoil 

Political instability

Militarization

Short Term:

Treaty of Versailles

Invasion of Poland by Germany

Mobilization

Document Analysis Questions (Page 89)

Document 4.2:

This document originates from 'The Quarantine Speech' made by Franklin D. Roosevelt made in 1937

*Question: - Identify the main features of Roosevelt's view in 4.2

-There can be no peace or stability within nations except under laws to which all abide

-We will pursue a policy of peace in order to avoid war

-We cannot insure that we stay without the effects of war, and the dangers of involvement

-Americans hate war, and love peace. Therefore we actively pursue peace

Document 4.6:

This document is an excerpt from Hitlers speech that was made to his generals in August 1939. This was prior to Germanys occupation of Poland

*Question: -What impressions of Hitlers aims in the Second World War can be gained from Document 4.6

From this source the impression was one of arrogance from Hitler. He is talking about the state the world and explaining events that have yet to happen. He then goes on to emphasize these events with a very positive spin towards German involvement. Hitler seems very sure that events will lead to a German victory. Another impression that I got from the source was the lack of mercy given by Hitler. He talks about striking "more quickly and brutally than the others." He also explains that from the envasion of Poland on, will begin the dawn of German rule on the world. My two overall impressions after reading this source were Hitlers sure attitude about the events of war turning out well for Germany, and his lack of mercy regarding all who oppose him.